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  CBT is problem oriented treatment centered on correcting problematic patterns of thinking & behavior that leads to emotional difficulties and functional impairments. Core components & characteristics : 60-90min session per week for 6-12 weeks Symptom measures are collected frequently Rx is goal oriented & collaborative c pt as active participant Rx is focused on changing current problematic thoughts & behaviour Weekly home work is typically assigned Focused on identifying & Changing cognitive distortions Learned helplessness Irrational fears Avoid distressing situations Practice distress reducing behavior Key tools to facilitate achieving CBT goals Self monitoring Daily thought record Self instruction Brief sentences, asserting thoughts that are comforting & adaptive Self reinforcement Rewarding oneself CBT has good quality evidence in treatment of Anxiety , Depression, OCD , Behavior disorder , substance abuse , insomnia For many childhood psychiatric disord

Screen used in psychosocial screening of adolescent: HEADSS H: Home: ● Who lives with the young person? Where? ● Do they have their own room? ● What are relationships like at home? ● What do parents and relatives do for a living? ● Ever institutionalized? Incarcerated? ● Recent moves? Running away? ● New people in home environment? E: Education & Employment: ● School/grade performance--any recent changes? Any dramatic past changes? ● Favorite subjects--worst subjects? (include grades) ● Any years repeated/classes failed ● Suspension, termination, dropping out? ● Future education/employment plans? ● Any current or past employment? ● Relations with teachers, employers--school, work attendance? A: Activities: ● On own, with peers (what do you do for fun?, where? when?) ● With family? ● Sports--regular exercise? ● Church attendance, clubs, projects? ● Hobbies--other activities? ● Reading for fun--what? ● TV--how much weekly--favorite shows? ● Favorite music? ● Does y

Lab tests: Routine screening of family members of children with NCC is not recommended. If at all screening is performed, fecal testing of the family for ova/cyst can be done. The use of serological tests for diagnosis and clinical decision making in children with NCC is not recommended. Radiological tests: The MRI need not be done following CT in the following situations -  The CT conclusively demonstrates the presence of a scolex within the cyst  In the absence of demonstration of scolex – If a solitary cystic/ring-enhancing lesion has all other typical sizes, shape, and location characteristics of NCC Multiple lesions in different stages are present, including some cystic or ring enhancing or calcified MRI should be considered after CT in the following situations – Atypical imaging features (conglomerate lesions, subarachnoid or intraventricular lesions) along with the absence of scolex CT features create suspicion of intraventricular, subarachnoid, or intraspinal NCC Atypical clin

Blood group typing: i. Red cell typing of ABO & Rh-D (forward and reverse). ii. Extended red cell antigen typing, at least C, c, E, e, and Kell, in order to provide phenotype matched blood where possible and to help identify and characterize antibodies in case of later development of allo-immunization. iii. Periodically a Direct Coombs test (DCT) and antibody screening followed by compatibility testing Those positive for antibodies should be given phenotype matched blood. Patients requiring antigen negative RBCs may be referred to a center where this is available. Screening  Regular screening for patients for hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV. Vaccinations:  Initiation of Hepatitis B vaccination for the patient and family members (if not vaccinated earlier).  Routine vaccinations should continue as per the recommended schedule.  In addition, all patients with thalassemia should receive hepatitis A, chickenpox and typhoid vaccinations. Transfusions: Normally , PRBC - 15ml/kg body w